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Yale Team Detects Opiates in Xerxes-Inscribed Alabaster Vase, Offering Clearest Evidence in Ancient Egypt

A nondestructive residue test on a rare Xerxes-inscribed alabaster vase detected multiple opiate alkaloids, prompting targeted analyses of Tutankhamun’s jars.

Overview

  • Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of heated-ethanol extracts revealed morphine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine, and hydrocotarnine in the 2,500-year-old vessel.
  • The 22-centimeter calcite vase bears inscriptions in Akkadian, Elamite, Old Persian, and Egyptian, with a Demotic note of roughly 1,200 milliliters capacity.
  • Researchers say the finding echoes earlier opiate residues from New Kingdom vessels at Sedment, suggesting long-lived use across different social strata.
  • The team posits that some alabaster jars from Tutankhamun’s tomb may contain opium, though those vessels at the Grand Egyptian Museum have not yet been analyzed.
  • A 1933 study by Alfred Lucas noted dark, sticky residues in Tutankhamun’s alabaster jars that were not perfumes, and reports of ancient looters’ finger marks indicate valued contents beyond standard unguents.