Overview

• Sleep maintenance insomnia is marked by repeated nocturnal awakenings linked to stress, anxiety, depression and psychophysiological hyperarousal.
• Quality of rest is assessed by sleep latency, number of awakenings, wake time after onset and sleep efficiency, according to U.S. Sleep Foundation guidelines.
• Medical issues such as sleep apnea, acid reflux and nighttime urination provoke abrupt arousals that disrupt continuous sleep and contribute to daytime fatigue.
• Specialists warn that blue-light exposure from screens before bed elevates cortisol and delays melatonin release, reducing deep and REM sleep phases.
• Personalized sleep hygiene—including fixed schedules, screen curfews, morning exercise, cool dark bedrooms and pre-sleep relaxation—is key to restoring uninterrupted rest.