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VLT Captures Supernova's Earliest Shape, Revealing Olive-Shaped Blast

Polarization measurements taken hours after discovery let astronomers map an axisymmetric breakout that narrows viable explosion models.

An artist's impression shows a star exploding at the end of its lifecycle, called a supernova, in this handout image released by the European Southern Observatory on November 12, 2025. The star is located about 22 million light-years away from Earth in the galaxy NGC 3621. ESO/L. Calcada/Handout via REUTERS

Overview

  • The European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope observed SN 2024ggi just 26 hours after its detection and 29 hours after shock breakout.
  • Using the FORS2 instrument for spectropolarimetry, the team reconstructed the explosion’s geometry at a stage that normal imaging cannot resolve.
  • The initial ejecta formed an olive-like, axisymmetric shape that later flattened as it encountered surrounding material but kept the same symmetry axis.
  • Data indicate the progenitor was a red supergiant of roughly 12–15 solar masses in galaxy NGC 3621 about 22 million light-years away, with an equatorial disk of gas and dust.
  • The study, published in Science Advances, allows researchers to rule out some supernova models and suggests the core likely became a neutron star, according to a co-author.