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Vitalik Buterin Reverses 2017 Stance, Backs ZK-SNARK-Based User Self-Verification as Fallback

He says mature zero-knowledge proofs now let users check chain correctness without replaying history.

Overview

  • In posts on X on Jan. 26–27, Buterin retracted his 2017 “mountain man” critique of full user verification.
  • He reframed self-verification as a rarely used but essential BATNA, likening it to a “mountain man’s cabin” for outages or censorship.
  • Buterin cited real-world risks—including p2p network failures, latency spikes, validator concentration, and Tornado Cash restrictions—as drivers for stronger user guarantees.
  • He highlighted zk-rollups such as zkSync, Scroll, and StarkNet as live examples of ZK systems that compress computation while preserving verifiability.
  • Developers are aligning the roadmap to ZK tooling, with reported proposals to remove legacy features like the modular exponentiation precompile to improve proof efficiency.