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U.S. and Australia Push Rare Earth Supply Chain Plans Amid China's Continued Dominance

As the U.S. awaits Commerce Department recommendations, experts warn that long approval timelines and limited refining capacity hinder efforts to reduce reliance on China.

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Pilbara Minerals spodumene rock
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Overview

  • China refines 90% of global rare earths and holds a monopoly on heavy rare earths, which are vital for defense and high-tech industries.
  • The U.S. Department of Defense is halfway through a five-year plan to establish a domestic mine-to-magnet rare earth supply chain by 2027.
  • President Trump has directed the Commerce Department to develop strategies within 180 days to support domestic rare earth production.
  • Australia is advancing critical mineral stockpiles and supporting Lynas and Iluka Resources in building rare earth processing facilities outside China's control.
  • Experts caution that regulatory delays, insufficient refining infrastructure, and China's pricing power pose significant challenges to diversification efforts.