UN's Top Court Concludes Historic Hearings on Climate Accountability

Small island nations lead a global push at the International Court of Justice to clarify legal obligations and consequences for climate change under international law.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has concluded hearings on the legal responsibilities of nations to combat climate change and address its impacts, with a ruling expected in late 2025.
Pacific island nations, led by Vanuatu, initiated the case, arguing that major polluters must be held accountable for emissions that threaten their existence and violate international law.
Over 100 countries and organizations participated in the hearings, highlighting the divide between wealthy, high-emission nations and vulnerable states demanding stronger action and reparations.
Major emitters, including the U.S. and China, argued for reliance on existing frameworks like the Paris Agreement, while smaller nations called for broader legal accountability beyond non-binding treaties.
Although the ICJ's opinion will be advisory, it could influence future climate litigation globally and strengthen legal arguments for climate justice and accountability.