Overview

• UN fact-finding investigators conclude all parties in North and South Kivu committed serious violations that may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity.
• M23 is accused of summary executions, torture, enforced disappearances, forced recruitment including children, and systematic sexual violence including gang rape and sexual slavery.
• The report alleges training and operational support for M23 from Rwanda’s armed forces and says both Rwanda and the DRC bear responsibility for backing abusive groups and failing to protect civilians.
• Congo’s army (FARDC) and allied Wazalendo militias are cited for deliberate killings of civilians, pervasive rape, and looting, with patterned abuses noted during early‑2025 retreats.
• OHCHR calls for prompt independent investigations and a Commission of Inquiry as mediation efforts miss deadlines and M23’s January capture of Goma and subsequent advances fuel mass displacement.