Overview

• The 30-day snapback process concluded on September 28 after failed bids by Moscow and Beijing to delay it, reviving pre-2015 UN resolutions that restore an arms embargo, enrichment and reprocessing bans, ballistic-missile restrictions, asset freezes, travel bans, and authorization to inspect and seize prohibited cargo.
• Britain, France and Germany cited Iran’s curtailed IAEA access and a stockpile of highly enriched uranium reported at over 400 kilograms at up to 60% purity as core reasons for the action.
• Tehran rejects the measures as unlawful, recalls ambassadors from the UK, France and Germany, and warns of reciprocal steps, while President Masoud Pezeshkian signals Iran will not quit the NPT for now.
• European governments and the United States say talks remain possible, with Washington urging immediate implementation; the European Union also confirmed it reinstated its own penalties.
• Enforcement is expected to be uneven as Russia and China signal non-compliance, and Iran’s economy shows strain with the rial plunging to around 1.1 million per US dollar on the black market.