Overview

• About one third of the war’s greenhouse-gas output comes directly from fuel burned by tanks and jets.
• War-driven forest and bush fires surged in 2024, with burned area exceeding the 2006–2021 average by more than twentyfold as firefighting near frontlines was often impossible.
• Reconstruction accounts for roughly 27% of the total, signaling continued emissions as rebuilding proceeds.
• Shelling of oil depots, refineries and other energy infrastructure released an estimated 17 million tonnes CO2e over three years.
• Rerouted Europe–Asia flights that avoid Ukrainian and Siberian airspace added about 20 million tonnes CO2e compared with pre-invasion routes.