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Trafalgar at 220: Nelson’s Two-Column Assault Redefined Sea Power

The victory ended Napoleon’s immediate invasion threat to Britain.

Overview

  • On Oct. 21, 1805, Nelson’s 27 ships engaged Villeneuve’s 33 off Cape Trafalgar near Cádiz.
  • Defying line-of-battle doctrine, he split the enemy with two attacking columns and signaled “England expects that every man will do his duty.”
  • By late afternoon, roughly 20 Franco-Spanish ships were taken, about 14,000 allied casualties were recorded, British losses were about 1,500, and Villeneuve was captured.
  • Nelson was fatally shot during the fighting and died after learning of the triumph.
  • Anniversary coverage highlights that a violent storm afterward wrecked many prizes—reported as up to 14 captured ships—causing further heavy loss of life.