Overview
- The M23 rebel group, supported by Rwandan forces, has seized significant cities in eastern DR Congo, including Goma and Bukavu, since January 2025.
- The FARDC, with over 135,000 soldiers, faces issues of systemic corruption, including mismanagement of funds meant for salaries and logistics, leading to low morale and frequent desertions.
- Poor training, outdated equipment, and inefficient communication methods, such as reliance on WhatsApp, hinder the FARDC's operational effectiveness in combatting M23's well-trained forces.
- Cronyism within the military leadership results in loyalty-based appointments rather than competence, contributing to poor tactical decisions and fragmented command structures.
- Rwanda's organized military support for M23 exacerbates the FARDC's challenges, while DR Congo's efforts to reform its armed forces remain slow and incomplete.