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With millions displaced, famine spreading, and systematic violence escalating, recent SAF gains in Khartoum fail to signal peace as armed civilian groups rise.

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Fighters loyal to the army patrol a market area in Khartoum on March 24, 2025. For nearly two years, Sudan has been ravaged by a war between the regular army and the RSF, a conflict that has killed tens of thousands of people, uprooted over 12 million more and created the world's largest hunger and displacement crises. (Photo by -/AFP via Getty Images)
The war has effectively divided Sudan in two, with the army holding the north and east while the RSF controls much of Darfur and parts of the south

Overview

  • The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) recaptured Khartoum in March 2025, forcing the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to retreat, but the conflict remains far from resolution.
  • Over 14 million people have been displaced, with famine declared in several regions and 30 million Sudanese now reliant on humanitarian aid.
  • Systematic sexual violence, including rape and gang rape, has reached unprecedented levels, with women and children disproportionately targeted, particularly by RSF forces.
  • The rise of armed civilian groups and militias, some operating independently from the SAF, has fragmented the conflict further, complicating prospects for peace.
  • International actors are accused of fueling the war through arms shipments, while humanitarian aid appeals remain severely underfunded, with only 6.3% of 2025's $4.2 billion target met.