Overview

• Scientists documented more than 28,000 earthquakes over roughly 30 days, with the strongest exceeding magnitude 5.0.
• The sequence began with magma entering a shallow reservoir in July 2024, intensified in early January, and accelerated after January 27 before the island subsided.
• Analyses using land GPS and seismic networks, ocean‑bottom sensors at the Kolumbo volcano, and AI reconstructed the timing and paths of the magma movement.
• Event locations migrated along a northeast‑trending zone as hypocenters shallowed from about 18 kilometers to near 3 kilometers beneath the seabed.
• Data indicate a previously unrecognized hydraulic connection between Santorini and nearby Kolumbo, informing continued monitoring after evacuations and a one‑month state of emergency earlier this year.