Overview
- INE reports 318,005 births in 2024, the lowest on record and down 0.8% year over year, with total fertility at 1.10 children per woman.
- Deaths totaled 436,118, nearly unchanged from 2023, leaving a natural balance of about −116,056 for the eighth consecutive annual deficit.
- Life expectancy rose to 84.01 years, including 81.38 for men and 86.53 for women; at age 65, remaining life expectancy reached 19.87 years for men and 23.64 for women.
- Infant mortality increased to 3.04 per 1,000 live births; about 33.3% of births were to mothers born abroad and 25.6% to mothers with foreign nationality.
- Partial 2025 figures show regional divergence: Madrid recorded 39,192 births through September, up 3.6% year on year, while Galicia and Castilla y León continue to post large negative natural balances.