Overview

• Official report confirms technical and planning errors triggered the April 28 blackout and rules out a cyberattack
• Investigation finds a voltage surge led to a chain reaction of disconnections due to inadequate dynamic voltage control capacity
• Red Eléctrica (REE) is faulted for miscalculating the required energy mix and some power plants failed to absorb reactive power as mandated
• The outage wiped out 15 gigawatts in five seconds, disrupting flights, trains and critical services for tens of millions across Spain, Portugal and parts of France
• Authorities will boost voltage control measures, tighten operator oversight and pursue deeper integration with the European grid