Overview

• An inquiry led by Ecological Transition Minister Sara Aagesen concluded that insufficient dynamic voltage control capacity triggered a chain reaction of grid outages on April 28.
• Spain’s grid operator Red Eléctrica failed to maintain enough thermal generation to absorb reactive power surges, exposing planning and operational gaps.
• Analysts from national security agencies found no evidence of cyber‐sabotage, ruling out foreign interference and exonerating Spain’s renewable energy mix.
• The blackout eliminated 15 GW of power within five seconds, cutting service to tens of millions in Spain, Portugal and parts of France and cancelling about 500 flights.
• Authorities will tighten operator oversight, boost domestic generation capacity and pursue a €1.6 billion EIB-backed interconnector with France and Morocco to strengthen resilience.