Overview

• A government report confirms a sudden overvoltage cascade triggered the April 28 outage, ruling out any cyberattack on the system.
• Investigators found atypical electrical oscillations and failures to absorb reactive power undermined the grid’s dynamic voltage control.
• Red Eléctrica de España is accused of a planning error after a backup conventional plant went offline without replacement, leaving capacity short.
• Unplanned disconnections of multiple generation units in the seconds before the collapse intensified instability across Spain and Portugal.
• Madrid is rolling out stricter operator oversight, infrastructure upgrades with expanded energy storage following sabotage attempts in southern France that have heightened grid security concerns.