Overview

• A government report pins the outage on miscalculations by the national grid operator and private energy providers that underestimated demand.
• Investigators found no evidence of cyberattacks or intrinsic flaws in renewables as the primary cause of the power failure.
• Restoration on April 29 depended on nuclear imports from France, highlighting the value of cross-border energy links.
• Spain’s 2030 target of sourcing 81% of its electricity from renewables together with a planned 2035 nuclear phaseout have underscored gaps in grid capacity.
• Planned resilience measures focus on improved voltage controls, stronger cybersecurity safeguards and deeper integration with neighboring transmission networks.