Overview

• The peer‑reviewed analysis by A. Warmuth et al., published 1 September in Astronomy & Astrophysics, releases the Comprehensive Solar Energetic Electron event Catalogue (CoSEE‑Cat).
• Solar Orbiter identifies two reproducible classes of events: brief, impulsive bursts tied to solar flares and longer, gradual swells linked to coronal mass ejections.
• Measurements show that detection delays arise not only from release timing at the Sun but also from electron transport effects such as scattering and turbulence in the solar wind.
• Eight instruments, including the Energetic Particle Detector for in‑situ sampling and multiple remote sensors, enabled early‑state measurements close to the Sun that pinpoint event origins.
• CME‑related events carry more high‑energy particles and pose greater operational risk, with findings set to inform ESA’s near‑term Smile mission and the Vigil early‑warning mission planned for 2031.