Overview

• The joint declaration condemned the April 22 Pahalgam attack and reaffirmed a stance against double standards on terrorism, following India’s earlier refusal to back a June statement that omitted the attack.
• Modi and Xi characterized India and China as “development partners, not rivals” and discussed border stability, direct flights and the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, yet Indian planners say China has not fully de‑inducted forces from LAC rear areas.
• India and Russia announced expanded cooperation across trade, energy, defence and space, with Moscow signaling President Vladimir Putin’s visit to India in December.
• India pushed connectivity through the International North‑South Transport Corridor and Chabahar Port, as the SCO called for UN reform and China pledged cooperation in artificial intelligence and vocational training.
• New Delhi noted the presence of Pakistan’s prime minister and army chief in Tianjin and pursued balancing moves as U.S. tariffs and criticism over Russian oil purchases strain India‑U.S. ties.