Overview
- Published January 12, 2026, the peer-reviewed study analyzes stable isotopes and carbonate chemistry from baths, wells, water towers, and plumbing across Pompeii.
- Republican Baths deposits contain markers of human-derived contamination in heated pools, indicating infrequent water replacement before aqueduct service.
- Geochemical signatures differentiate aqueduct water from karst springs versus highly mineralized groundwater lifted from deep volcanic deposits.
- Isotopic evidence supports a supply connection near Avella consistent with the regional Aqua Augusta rather than Vesuvius-linked sources.
- Lead was present in the aqueduct-fed system, yet carbonate scale within lead pipes appears to have progressively lowered dissolved lead levels.