Overview

• Researchers point to a “male equivalent” of PCOS in first-degree male relatives, with patterns such as obesity, insulin resistance and early baldness linked to higher polygenic risk.
• Symptoms can emerge in childhood in those with family history, yet there is still no standardized way to diagnose or treat PCOS equivalents in men or children.
• For women, PCOS disrupts ovulation and remains a leading cause of infertility, and it elevates pregnancy risks including miscarriage, gestational diabetes, pre‑eclampsia and preterm birth.
• Clinicians emphasize comprehensive evaluation with hormonal testing and pelvic ultrasound, plus ongoing checks for blood sugar and cholesterol to track cardiometabolic risk.
• Lifestyle changes that improve insulin sensitivity can restore ovulation for many, IVF is used when conception remains difficult, and overlooked signs include irregular cycles, abdominal weight gain, acne, excess hair, sleep or mood issues, skin darkening and trouble conceiving.