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Oldest RNA Ever Sequenced Recovered From 39,000-Year-Old Woolly Mammoth

The Cell study shows permafrost RNA can capture gene activity at death, highlighting its exceptional rarity.

Overview

  • Researchers isolated RNA from muscle tissue of the mammoth known as Yuka, setting a new record far beyond the previous 14,000-year benchmark from a Pleistocene wolf.
  • Sequencing revealed tissue-specific gene expression and molecular signs of stress in Yuka’s muscle at the time of death.
  • Non-coding RNAs, including muscle-specific microRNAs with rare mutations, authenticated the sequences’ mammoth origin and enabled detection of novel genes.
  • The team screened 10 permafrost-preserved mammoth samples, but only Yuka produced detailed transcriptomic data, underscoring dependence on exceptional preservation.
  • Authors say the approach could eventually allow studies of ancient RNA viruses or inform de-extinction research, though such applications remain speculative.