Overview

• The Nobel Assembly named Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi the 2025 laureates for defining peripheral immune tolerance.
• In 1995, Sakaguchi identified regulatory T cells, overturning the view that immune tolerance relied solely on thymic selection.
• In 2001, Brunkow and Ramsdell linked FOXP3 mutations to the severe autoimmune syndrome IPEX, and in 2003 Sakaguchi showed FOXP3 governs Treg development.
• The discoveries opened a field that underpins therapies for autoimmunity, cancer and transplantation, with trials exploring low‑dose interleukin‑2, adoptive Treg cell therapies and Treg‑targeting antibodies, including more than 200 studies cited by the committee’s coverage.
• The laureates will share 11 million Swedish kronor, with the Nobel medals to be presented in Stockholm on December 10.