Overview
- Non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac are commonly used for osteoarthritis and come as tablets, capsules, suppositories, creams, gels and injections, with some available over the counter and others by prescription.
- People should seek pharmacist or GP guidance if they are over 65, pregnant or breastfeeding, have asthma, past NSAID allergy or stomach ulcers, heart, liver or kidney problems, circulation or blood pressure issues, or are considering treatment for a child under 16.
- The NHS lists key side effects including indigestion, stomach ulcers with potential internal bleeding and anaemia, headaches, drowsiness, dizziness and allergic reactions, with rare risks to the liver, kidneys and heart such as heart failure, heart attacks and strokes.
- Medical advice is urged before NSAID use if patients already take another NSAID, low‑dose aspirin or warfarin, ciclosporin, diuretics, lithium, methotrexate or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
- If NSAIDs are unsuitable, clinicians may recommend alternatives like paracetamol, and stomach‑protective medicines may be used to reduce ulcer risk, a reminder highlighted as more than 10 million people in the UK live with arthritis and osteoarthritis is the most common type.