New Interpretation of Viking Runic Inscription Unveils Flexible Monetary System

Revised translation of the Forsa Ring reveals Vikings could pay fines with either oxen or silver, reflecting a practical and adaptable economy.

The Forsa Ring, dating to the 9th or 10th century, is the oldest known legal text in Scandinavia.
Previous interpretations suggested fines had to be paid with both an ox and silver, but new research indicates either could be used.
This flexibility in payment methods highlights a sophisticated economic system among the Vikings.
The value of an ox was equivalent to 50 grams of silver, aligning with contemporary European valuations.
The study underscores the importance of integrating economic theory with historical and archaeological research.