Overview

• Advanced analysis of authenticated hair samples shows Beethoven's exposure to lead was significant but not fatal.
• Lead poisoning likely contributed to the composer's hearing loss and other chronic ailments.
• Historical drinking habits and lead-laced wine identified as probable sources of Beethoven's lead exposure.
• Genetic factors and a hepatitis B infection were major contributors to Beethoven's liver disease and ultimate demise.
• Researchers continue to explore other potential causes for Beethoven's hearing loss, including genetic conditions.