Overview

• An international team including the University of Jyväskylä reports updated collision models in Physical Review Letters in 2025.
• The models solve nonlinear QCD evolution to describe how proton and nuclear structure varies with collision energy.
• Simulations now reproduce particle-production patterns measured at CERN and Brookhaven more accurately than older approaches.
• Improved initial-condition modeling sharpens estimates of quark–gluon plasma characteristics formed in relativistic collisions.
• Researchers anticipate complementary tests from the planned Electron–Ion Collider in the 2030s to further validate the framework.