Overview

• More than 28,000 earthquakes struck the area in late January 2025, including a magnitude 5.3 main shock and several events above magnitude 5.0 recorded along the caldera rim.
• The reconstruction integrates land seismometers, ocean‑bottom sensors at the submarine volcano, ground‑deformation and gas measurements, and machine‑learning analysis.
• Signals indicate uplift of only a few centimeters from July 2024, intensification in early January, and subsequent subsidence after the intrusion halted.
• The study identifies a previously unknown hydraulic connection between the Santorini volcanic system and nearby Kolumbo, informing coordinated surveillance strategies.
• Authorities used brief lulls in shaking to reroute shipping and alert air traffic controllers, inspections reported no confirmed structural collapses, and heightened monitoring continues.