Overview

• All 32 NATO members officially pledged to raise defence spending to 5% of GDP by 2035 under a framework that earmarks 3.5% for conventional capabilities and 1.5% for non-military threats.
• Spain remains the only member to opt out, arguing that its economy cannot sustain the increased spending before 2035.
• Alliance members continue to debate burden-sharing timelines and fiscal feasibility as some governments cite competing domestic priorities.
• Summit communiqués did not define Russia, China, or other geopolitical challenges, and members left Article 5 security guarantees unresolved.
• President Donald Trump described the agreement as a “monumental win” for Washington and affirmed his support for mutual defence commitments.