Overview

• NASA has proposed two new approaches for its Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, focusing on faster and cheaper options compared to the original $11 billion plan that targeted a 2040 return date.
• The revised plans could bring samples back to Earth as early as 2035, with costs ranging between $5.8 billion and $7.7 billion, depending on the chosen architecture.
• One option involves using NASA's proven 'sky crane' technology, while the other explores a commercial heavy lander developed in partnership with private companies such as SpaceX or Blue Origin.
• Rocket Lab has publicly advocated for an open commercial competition, claiming its approach could return samples by 2031 for under $4 billion, though NASA has not yet acted on this proposal.
• The final decision on the mission's direction has been deferred to the Trump administration, with funding and priorities expected to shape the program's future trajectory.