Overview

• Drinking one to two cups of caffeinated coffee daily was associated with a lower risk of death from all causes and reduced cardiovascular mortality in a cohort of 46,000 U.S. adults.
• Black coffee and beverages with low levels of added sugar or saturated fat were linked to a 14% lower all-cause mortality risk compared to no coffee consumption.
• Protective associations increased to 17% lower all-cause mortality at two to three cups per day, with no additional benefit above three cups and a weakened cardiovascular link beyond that point.
• No significant association emerged between coffee intake and cancer-related deaths.
• Results support the Dietary Guidelines for Americans by underscoring the importance of limiting added sugars and saturated fats to preserve coffee’s health benefits.