Overview

• Spain's 2021 Climate Change Law mandates low-emission zones (ZBEs) in cities over 50,000 residents by 2023, but compliance in Madrid's region remains inconsistent.
• Madrid city achieved air-quality targets with its Madrid 360 plan, while other municipalities implemented delayed or diluted measures, with some only activating zones during pollution episodes.
• Arganda del Rey and Collado Villalba continue to reject ZBE implementation despite warnings of losing state transport funding.
• Municipalities such as Boadilla del Monte adopted minimal zones, with Boadilla's 0.1 km zone being the least restrictive in the country.
• Several municipalities, including Leganés and Alcorcón, are still drafting ZBE ordinances, with many aiming to reduce restrictions to the bare minimum.