Overview
- In a meta-analysis of 59 studies across 18 countries involving 48,626 participants, vegetarian and vegan diets were found compatible with healthy development when properly planned and supplemented.
- Children on plant-based diets showed lower total and LDL cholesterol and tended to be leaner than omnivores, indicating a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile.
- Consistent shortfalls were identified in vitamin B12, calcium, iodine and zinc, with elevated risks of iron deficiency and anemia in some vegetarian groups and B12 deficiency in vegans.
- On average, stature and BMI were lower in plant-based groups, with vegans reported roughly 3.6–4 cm shorter and vegetarians about 1.2 cm shorter than omnivores.
- Authors recommend use of fortified foods or supplements and consultation with pediatric clinicians, noting that most included studies were cross-sectional and that stronger longitudinal evidence is needed.