Overview

• India suspended the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty on April 23, 2025, citing retaliation for the Pahalgam terror attack.
• Rivers allocated to Pakistan under the treaty—Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum—continue flowing at normal levels as of April 30, according to satellite data and official monitoring.
• The suspension halts hydrological data sharing, creating challenges for Pakistan's irrigation planning, flood management, and agricultural stability.
• India's current infrastructure limits its ability to significantly control water flows, but planned hydropower projects could alter future dynamics.
• Experts warn that constructing large dams in the Himalayan region poses significant environmental and geological risks, including landslides and seismic activity.