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India Supreme Court Denies Treaty Shield, Orders Tiger Global to Pay Tax on Flipkart Exit

The judgment endorses substance-over-form scrutiny under GAAR, validating the advance ruling body’s power to reject treaty-based claims at the threshold.

Overview

  • Setting aside an August 2024 Delhi High Court ruling, the bench of Justices J B Pardiwala and R Mahadevan reinstated the AAR’s 2020 threshold rejection after finding the arrangement prima facie tax-avoidant.
  • The court held that capital gains from the 2018 Flipkart stake sale are taxable in India and that Tiger Global cannot claim Article 13(4) protection under the IndiaMauritius DTAA.
  • The ruling underscores that tax residency certificates are only eligibility documents and do not confer treaty benefits where transactions are impermissible under GAAR.
  • Tax authorities argued Tiger Global’s Mauritius entities were conduit vehicles for the U.S. parent in the Walmart takeover exit, and the court agreed treaty relief was unavailable.
  • Legal advisers say the decision will prompt foreign funds to reassess offshore structures and treaty reliance, with Tiger Global still able to seek review though such petitions rarely succeed.