Overview

• Global retailers are mapping Scope 3 emissions risks across their supply chains to align with the ICJ’s view that states must regulate private actors’ contributions to climate harm.
• Civil society leaders and youth activists emphasize solidarity-driven grassroots initiatives to translate the court’s call for shared responsibility into local climate action.
• Legal experts highlight challenges to government approvals and subsidies for high-emission projects as states consider domestic enforcement of the non-binding opinion.
• Investor-state disputes may evolve as governments invoke the advisory opinion to justify stricter climate measures and defend against treaty-based challenges.
• Observers warn that integrating the advisory opinion into national laws, sustained litigation, regulatory reforms, and public pressure will be essential to close enforcement gaps.