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House Republicans Struggle to Secure Votes for Trump’s Tax-and-Spending Megabill

Republican leaders have held marathon procedural votes and private negotiations to win over dissenting members ahead of a self-imposed July 4 deadline

Speaker of the House Mike Johnson speaks to the press ahead of House vote on Trump's Big Beautiful Bill.
House speaker Mike Johnson during a senate vote on the One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act at the U.S. Capitol on July 1, 2025.
US Capitol dome on June 29, 2025, as US President Donald Trump's Big Beautiful Bill continues through the Senate. US senators debated into the early hours of Sunday Donald Trump's "big beautiful" spending bill, a hugely divisive proposal that would deliver key parts of the US president's domestic agenda while making massive cuts to social welfare programs. (Photo by Jim WATSON / AFP) (Photo by JIM WATSON/AFP via Getty Images)
Speaker of the House Mike Johnson (R-LA) is surrounded by security and staff as he heads to the House Chamber for a procedural vote on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act in the U.S. Capitol on July 02, 2025 in Washington, DC.

Overview

  • GOP can afford no more than three defections in its 220-212 majority, with holdouts such as Reps. Thomas Massie and Ralph Norman opposing the Senate’s deeper Medicaid cuts and higher deficits
  • Speaker Mike Johnson delayed procedural votes for hours Wednesday and convened closed-door huddles as the rules vote to open debate remained in doubt
  • The Senate version locks in Trump’s 2017 tax cuts, adds new breaks on tips, overtime and seniors’ deductions and offsets costs with stringent Medicaid and SNAP work requirements
  • Congressional Budget Office projections show the measure would add about $3.3 trillion to the deficit over a decade and could strip health coverage from nearly 11.8 million people
  • If the House passes the bill as-is, it goes directly to President Trump’s desk but any amendments would prompt further Senate-House negotiations and jeopardize the Fourth of July target