Overview

• Warm‑water reefs are judged to be on a near‑irreversible decline, with the report estimating a collapse risk exceeding 99%.
• Global warming of roughly 1.4°C and record ocean heat since 2023 drove the most severe mass bleaching on record, affecting more than 80% of reefs.
• The analysis flags rising risks for the Amazon rainforest, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
• Authors say current policies are not built for abrupt, irreversible shifts and urge immediate emissions cuts and faster deployment of carbon removal.
• The report highlights accelerating clean‑technology ‘positive tipping points’ and lands a month before COP30 in Brazil to press for stronger commitments.