Overview

• A study of 1,955 transmasculine and gender-diverse individuals on testosterone therapy for an average of five years found no cases of gynecological cancers such as uterine, ovarian, vaginal, or vulvar cancer.
• Despite testosterone use, some participants exhibited active endometrial tissue or ovulatory signs, indicating retained fertility potential and the need for contraceptive care.
• The findings, published in eClinicalMedicine, provide reassurance about the short-term oncological safety of testosterone therapy while emphasizing the importance of tailored gynecological care.
• Researchers stress that the five-year follow-up period is insufficient to assess long-term risks, calling for extended and multicenter studies to evaluate lifetime safety.
• The study aligns with recent Dutch legal reforms that allow individuals to start hormone therapy without surgical requirements, supporting broader access to gender-affirming care.