Overview

• The 3 October preliminary factual report concludes a sharp voltage rise triggered a cascading loss of generation, with fossil, nuclear and renewable plants automatically disconnecting to protect equipment.
• The expert group rules out renewables, lack of inertia and inter‑area oscillations as root causes of the 28 April outage.
• Spain’s grid operator Red Eléctrica has warned of further risk unless voltage management and responses to rapid solar fluctuations are upgraded, according to new reporting.
• False claims spread after the outage, including impersonations of EU officials and conspiracy theories, and CAAD polling finds 70% of Spaniards still believe at least one such narrative months later.
• Policy and industry responses are advancing, with an EU Grids Package expected in November 2025 and WindEurope launching an online hub to fact‑check common claims about wind energy.