Overview

• A Social Science Research Network study finds direct war emissions could reach over 31 million tonnes of CO2e, exceeding the 2023 output of nations such as Costa Rica, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe.
• Supply and use of Israeli ordnance account for 50% of the conflict’s greenhouse gases, while Hamas rockets and bunker fuel contribute just 0.2%.
• US shipments of 50,000 tonnes of weapons and military supplies are responsible for roughly 30% of the total emissions since hostilities began.
• Destruction of Gaza’s rooftop solar networks has driven reliance on diesel generators, further elevating emissions amid an acute energy crisis.
• Projected reconstruction of 436,000 apartments, schools, clinics and roads will add another 29.4 million tonnes of CO2e, complicating future climate mitigation efforts.