Overview

• In a report published 15 September, the Cour des comptes concludes that universal free fares on large urban networks are very costly and deliver only a very limited shift away from cars.
• The audit finds that free access chiefly boosts short trips in city centers, reallocating riders from walking and cycling more than from driving.
• While free service can be cost‑effective on small, underused systems, the report says major networks face heavy fare‑revenue losses and added operating pressures that strain budgets.
• The institution warns that lost income threatens investments in bus decarbonisation and network development, noting that fares cover about 33.1% of operating costs on average.
• Montpellier’s experience shows the trade‑offs: roughly 20% higher ridership between autumn 2023 and spring 2024 alongside about €40 million in forgone revenue and crowding that led to a ban on non‑folded bikes and scooters; the report recommends means‑tested aid, tougher anti‑fraud and mandatory evaluations, while mayor Michaël Delafosse disputes the findings and cites a 27% annual increase with better air quality.