Overview
- The COP31 summit opened in Antalya on Nov. 9 with nearly 200 countries meeting to move existing climate commitments from paper into practice.
- Turkey and co‑host Australia are promoting a voluntary '35 by 35' electrification agenda to raise electricity’s share of final energy to 35% by 2035 as a route to decarbonisation.
- Climate finance is the central flashpoint, with vulnerable countries and campaigners pressing for more public, grants‑based funding and clearer rules on delivery and access.
- Turkey’s presidency faces credibility questions because roughly one‑third of its electricity still comes from coal, it has no coal‑phase‑out date, and campaigners note ongoing plans to expand some coal plants.
- With the United States absent for a second year and global energy and geopolitical shocks weakening consensus, negotiators expect modest text and more coalition‑level initiatives rather than sweeping new mitigation pledges.