Overview
- Oil Change International released the Behind the Barrel analysis at COP30, tracking 323 deliveries totaling 21.2 million tonnes between November 2023 and October 2025.
- Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan supplied roughly 70% of Israel’s crude, with routes commonly transiting Turkey and Russia respectively.
- Russia was a leading source of refined products, while the United States was identified as the sole supplier of JP-8, a military jet fuel.
- The report says shipments continued after the ICJ deemed Israel’s actions unlawful and a UN commission concluded Israel committed genocide, heightening legal exposure for suppliers.
- Activist groups at the summit urged energy embargoes, and union officials in Brazil claimed crude may have reached Israel indirectly via Italy’s Sarroch refinery after direct exports ceased in early 2024.