Overview
- An eight-page consensus decision was adopted without a binding fossil-fuel exit roadmap, and the text does not mention fossil fuels while nodding to the earlier UAE call to transition energy systems.
- An EU-led coalition of roughly 80 countries pressed for a mandated phaseout plan but was stymied by resistance from Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and India, with limited backing from some developing and island states.
- The Brazilian COP presidency announced voluntary roadmaps on fossil-fuel phaseout and forest protection, with follow-ups signaled at an April summit in Colombia and at COP31 in Antalya under Turkish presidency with Australia chairing negotiations.
- Countries agreed to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035, framed at about $120 billion per year, though critics noted the unclear baseline and questioned delivery.
- Brazil launched the Tropical Forest Forever Facility, with Germany pledging €1 billion, while negotiations were hampered by logistical problems including a venue fire and by the absence of a U.S. delegation.