Overview
- The final text substitutes a voluntary cooperation initiative for binding language on phasing out oil, gas and coal, echoing but not repeating COP28 wording.
- Countries endorsed an effort to at least triple adaptation finance for developing nations by 2035 relative to the current $40 billion-a-year goal.
- A new three-year dialogue on trade and climate was created, a concession welcomed by China and other emerging economies.
- The closing plenary was briefly suspended after objections led by Colombia over last-minute additions, highlighting procedural strains.
- Outside the UN text, Brazil announced a forest-protection fund with about $5.5 billion in initial commitments toward a $125 billion target.