Overview
- The final package omits any explicit mention of fossil fuels and sets no binding roadmap for phasing out coal, oil or gas, referring instead to the non-binding UAE Consensus from COP28.
- Negotiators pledged to triple adaptation finance for developing countries by 2035, a move welcomed by least developed states though the text sets no baseline year or firm amounts.
- Countries endorsed voluntary follow-up through UN platforms, including a Global Implementation Accelerator, after failing to reach consensus on enforceable measures.
- Brazil’s presidency removed fossil-fuel language from its Mutirão draft and said it will publish its own roadmaps, including on forest protection, where delegates could not agree.
- EU officials voiced disappointment but declined to veto the deal after resistance from a bloc including Saudi Arabia, Russia, China and India, while African negotiators accused richer states of coercive bargaining over finance.