Overview
- At the South Africa summit, Beijing unveiled an international cooperation plan on green minerals with UNIDO and a group of resource‑rich developing countries.
- Premier Li Qiang defended rare‑earth export curbs, saying shipments must be cautiously managed because of military uses.
- The initiative lists participants such as Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Myanmar and Cambodia but includes no funding commitments or operational details.
- The G‑20 communiqué criticized unilateral trade actions that restrict access to critical minerals, signaling broad concern over supply constraints.
- IEA data show China controls roughly 59% of mining, 91% of refining and 94% of magnet manufacturing as the United States pursues alternative supply chains through alliances and financing.