Overview
- Vitalik Buterin outlined the plan on Wednesday, May 20, 2026, naming three near-term areas of work: account abstraction paired with fork‑choice enforced inclusion lists, keyed nonces, and access‑layer privacy tools.
- Account abstraction, which makes user accounts programmable like smart contracts, would let wallets support multi‑signature approvals, social recovery, and alternative fee payments while enabling privacy protocols to integrate more cleanly with normal accounts.
- FOCIL, or fork‑choice enforced inclusion lists, would let validator expectations force block builders to include specified transactions or risk having their block rejected, a mechanism meant to make private transactions harder to censor.
- Keyed nonces (EIP‑8250) replace a single sequential nonce with multiple nonce domains so different spends do not share the same counter, which prevents simple on‑chain linking and avoids nonce contention for parallel private transactions.
- Access‑layer work, including the Kohaku toolkit and private reads, targets metadata leaks from wallets and RPC providers by letting nodes answer queries without learning which account or contract a user is requesting, and the proposals remain at the specification and development stage rather than deployed on mainnet.